GERMAN YOUTH IN THE PURGATORY OF NAZI
BONDAGE
GIGI WATSON

This essay discusses the means of bonding and exploitation employed by the
National Socialist (Nazi) movement to achieve the extreme ethnic national devotion
of young Germans. The discourse includes aspects of youth consciousness prior to,
during, and after Hitler’s rise to power within political, economic, cultural and
ideological frameworks. The results indicate that Nazi influence capitalized on
youth perceptions of society during the rapid rise of modernity, the ramifications
of the post-WWI political arena, and the subsequent waves of destabilizing
economic phenomena. Central to Hitler’s control was a systematic employment of
manipulation and propaganda. By tapping into and distorting youth psychology,
the cult-like power of the Nazis permeated the thoughts and actions of millions of
Germans. Disturbing echoes of such mind control are reflected in a contemporary
problem whereby unbridled strategies of privileged forces possess unparalleled
access and ability to again threaten individual liberty at a grand scale.

In a country with a complex intellectual and political history, youthful dreams of a
utopian modernity died in World War One (WWI) and birthed an era of epic
tragedy for Germany. 1 What was a relatively newly united and highly productive
nation had fractured under the turbulence of defeat and subsequent crises. In a
collective trauma, this European culture repudiated Enlightenment ideals of
individuality, reason, and equality. 2 Regressively, the populous fell prey to ideals
reminiscent of a glorious past and the promise of a utopian future. A freely elected
Nationalist Socialist German Workers’ Party, the Nazi Party, presented a morphed
ideology of cultural tribalism, biology, and economy that consolidated control over
1

H. W. Koch, The Hitler Youth: Origins and Development 1922-1945 (New York: Cooper Square
Press, 2000), 2.
2
Hans Kohn, “Nationalism,” Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas,
vol. 3 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973), 331.

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the government, the corporate, and the personal in an authoritarian unity. 3 While
Germany’s youth, yearning for renewed identity and purpose, were enveloped in
the deceptive danger of the Nazis, the enlightened culture, famous for its poets,
philosophers, composers, and scientists devolved into unprecedented brutality.4
The command of the Nazi leader, Adolf Hitler, over German youth culture was not
just a by-product of an overall domination of Germany, but a purposeful and
systematic indoctrination of political, economic, cultural and ideological bonds
designed to secure and perpetuate control.
The political perspectives of German youth groups that led up to and followed WWI
are salient in relation to the dynamics of Hitler’s control. A strong tradition of youth
movements in Germany can be traced back to the sixteenth century. Connected
through shared language and culture, a concept referred to as Volksgeist, in 1801,
by German philosopher, Hegel, groups bonded in a melding of the spirit of the
individual and the regional culture. 5 This romantic collective spirit was expressed
by movements and in protests amidst the bloody revolutions before unification in
1871. 6 As unified Germany became enveloped within the driving engine of
modernity, youth movement sentiment irrationally clung to a glorified past and
recoiled against vapid materialism and mass industrialization. Alienation towards
the burgeoning bourgeois culture compounded with utter disillusionment in the
unexpected chaos of the Great War. The perilous outcome triggered alarming
unrest. Along with the destruction of war, a chain of uninterrupted political unions,
splits, and reunions, disintegrated German stability. 7 Youth insecurity and political
discontent amidst the damage and humiliation of the war escalated as the German
Weimar democracy flailed. 8
127F

128F

129F

130F

Capitalizing on the political chaos, Adolf Hitler designed a campaign that delivered
a vague and blurred vision of German unity and wooed and flattered the desperate,
receptive, naive, and sentimental youth culture. 9 After a failed attempt to usurp
political power by brute force in 1923, Hitler, while imprisoned, premeditated new
tactics to gain political control. Outlined in an autobiographical manifesto, Mein
Kampf, these methods included emotional appeal, propaganda, and the power of

3

Leonard Kreiger, “Authority,” Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas,
vol. 1 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973), 159.
4
John Passmore, “The Perfectibility of Man,” Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected
Pivotal Ideas, vol. 3 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973), 475; Koch, 2
5
Nathan Rotenstreich, “Volksgeist,” Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal
Ideas, vol. 4 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973), 492; Koch, 3, 10.
6
Koch, 15.
7
Michael H. Kater, Hitler Youth (Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 2004), 8-9.
8
Kohn, 324.
9
Kater, 1.

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speech. 10 Trumpeting a nostalgic vision of Germany restored to a great power,
Hitler appealed to youth group sentiment with claims that reassured Germany
would again rightfully dominate a confederation of European states. 11 He forcefully
echoed the younger generation’s distrust of the democratic example set forth by the
Weimar Republic. Hitler’s Nazi alternative offered a renewed sense of German
identity, pride, and respectability that attracted youth membership. 12 Young males
born ineligible for WWI conscription (1900-1908) were inculcated with the glory
of the war as children and, therefore, particularly malleable to persuasions to join
Nazi paramilitary organizations. 13 As the harsh defeat of the war had hungover
many youth like dark shadows, Hitler’s emotive campaign drove primitive base
instincts to become dangerous. 14 The Nazi anti-modernist youth movement became
increasingly martial, hierarchal, disciplined, fully uniformed, and racist. 15 While
under twenty and too young to vote, these individuals were highly valued as a
motivated force on the streets. A 1932 Nazi propaganda leaflet reads:
Fellow youths. We shall overthrow the old system. We are not begging for your
votes in the Reischstag election, what we want is you. The German revolution
begins on the day of the National Socialist seizure of power. Then the young
forces from all camps must be united to face the forces of reaction. Our banners
do not carry the slogans of ‘Moscow’ or ‘Internationalism’ or ‘Pacifism.’ The
only name they carry is that of ‘Germany’ and nothing but ‘Germany.’ With your
banners flying, come to us, the German Workers ’Youth, fight with us against the
old system, against the old order, against the old generation. We are the last
fighters for liberty, fight with us for Socialism, for freedom and for bread! Join
the German Workers’ Youth, Keil. 16
138F

By 1933, democracy in Germany was lost to the authoritarian grasp of the Nazi
regime. By building a political stronghold amongst the young, Hitler aimed to
secure a Nazi future. 17
Once in power, the Nazi regime imposed systematic and proliferate political
dominance over youth culture across Germany. In Berlin, on the eve of Nazi victory
10

Thomas Vordermayer, “Tactical Guidelines in Adolf Hitler’s Mein Kampf,” European State
Violence in the Twentieth Century 91, no. 3 (September 2019): 531; K. J. Leyser et al., “Germany,”
Encyclopedia Britannica, October 27, 2021. https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany.
11
C. W. Guillebaud, “Hitler’s New Economic Order for Europe,” The Economic Journal, 50, no.
200 (1940): 452-453.
12
Peter N. Stearns, “Protest Movements,” Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected
Pivotal Ideas, vol. 3 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973), 674.
13
Andrew Donson, “Why Did German Youth Become Fascists? Nationalist Males Born 1900-1908
in War and Revolution,” Social History 31, no. 3 (2006): 337.
14
Melita Maschmann, Account Rendered: A Dossier on My Former Self (New York: AbelardSchuman Limited, 1965), 58; Vordermayer, 531.
15
Kater, 9.
16
Koch, 86.
17
Edward J. Kunzer, “The Youth of Nazi Germany,” The Journal of Educational Sociology 11, no.
6 (1938): 342.

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on January 30, 1933, songs, simultaneously aggressive and sentimental, were sung
by rows of boys and girls in a ceremonial torchlight procession. Infused with
purpose and importance, the younger generations reveled in the revolutionary ethos
of Nazism. This spirit of protest resonated with the youth and was reflected in the
rapid expansion of the Hitler Youth Group (Hitlerjugend or HJ). 18 Claiming this
revolutionary guise, Hitler justified arbitrary legislation with an irreverence to
law. 19 Within the first year of Nazi control, all other youth groups became illegal.
Disbandment was enforced by Nazi militia, SA Stormtroopers, who went door to
door collecting verboten uniforms. 20 As recruiters and guarantors of Nazi
longevity, the HJ disrupted all other loyalties; anyone astray from Nazi convictions
presented an endangerment of Germany. 21 By 1936, HJ membership became
mandatory for minors between ten and seventeen years old. 22 Nazism
systematically indoctrinated millions of children born between 1915 and 1934.
The curriculum in school primers mandated Germanic lore, Nazi ideology, and the
‘Führer cult.’ 23 Nazi classical ideals of stability, order, uniformity, and work ethic
imposed body, mind, and spirit to a life independent of personal desire. 24 The
regime established emotional conditioning that thwarted rational thought and used
coercion, verbal and symbolic, to secure compliance most formatively before the
age of thirteen. 25 The initial lure of the Nazi political and cultural agenda had
radically shifted to a controlled economical and biological tribal agenda; what was
first a love of Germany grew into a hatred of enemy tendencies. 26 School
curriculums grew more explicitly racist to include ‘blood and soil’ propaganda of
“racial teachings with scientific trimmings.”27 National domination demanded
individual subordination which meant exclusive youth loyalty to Hitler with
fanatical national and ideological devotion, from voluntary submission to thought
control. 28
149F

150F

Along with the destabilizing political dynamics, that aided Nazi control, came a
history of tumultuous economic crises that intensified the vulnerability of
Germany’s youth. As a unified Germany advanced with breathtaking speed to
18

Maschmann, 11-12, 44.
Felix Gilbert, “Revolution,” Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas,
vol. 4 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973), 164.
20
Maschmann, 17, 44.
21
Kater, 11; Maschmann, 18, 44.
22
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “Indoctrinating Youth,” Holocaust Encyclopedia,
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/ indoctrinating-youth.
23
Kater, 12-14.
24
Maschmann, 24.
25
David Easton and Robert D. Hess, “The Child’s Political World,” Midwest Journal of Political
Science, no. 3 (1962) 236-240.
26
Kohn, 330; Maschmann, 26.
27
Maschmann, 48.
28
Krieger, 159-160.
19

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become an industrial power by 1914, urban growth followed national wealth as
enthusiastic Germans flocked into city centres at the beginning of WWI. 29 In the
winter of 1918, sentiment radically shifted to despair as the post-war defeated
populations were plagued with food and fuel shortages and a deadly influenza
epidemic. Soldiers returned to cities stranded, jobless, hungry, and sullen.
Germany, viewed as a pariah, was shackled by a bleak war guilt clause that imposed
severe reparations and rooted a universal bitterness. Combined ramifications
triggered hyperinflation and, by 1923, the German mark was destroyed. Economic
collapse undermined the social fabric of Germany as lifetimes of savings were
wiped out. 30 The cumulative effects caused a deep spiritual crisis as the results of
the failed modern, industrial, capitalist framework caused a deep spiritual crisis that
could not be stabilized by neither family nor religion. 31 Financial enslavement
through the terms of the long-term war reparations and erosion by exploitation of
capitalism destroyed hope as suicide became a dark feature of Weimar Germany. 32
In a void of solutions from authority figures, the youth demographic led an
unprecedented suicide rate three times greater than the general public. 33 Exploiting
this spiritual crisis as an entry point to attack the governing system, the Nazi’s
published victims’ names and equated capitalism as “irreconcilable with human
life.” 34
156F

After the economic havoc following WWI, a brief reprieve was followed by another
disaster; the economic roller-coaster increasingly taxed a youth demographic that
had grown ever more susceptible to false Nazi security. An easing of war
reparations and sizeable loans from the US provided Germany relief, however, the
market crash of 1929 triggered loan calls and economies fell like dominoes.35
German deflation plunged the nation into another low while joblessness reached a
pinnacle in the summer of 1932. 36 The situation was particularly perilous for the
multitudes of children of war-widowed mothers and fatherless youths who suffered
from malnutrition, inadequate shelter, illness, and death. As for fathers who
survived, an ongoing failure to provide for their families heightened youth
vulnerability. 37 Hitler preyed on every instability; projecting himself as an idealized
father figure persona, he promised future employment to the German youth. In this

29

Leyser et al.
Leyser et al.
31
Moritz Föllmer, “Suicide and Crisis in Weimar Berlin,” Central European History 42, no. 2
(2009): 221.
32
Föllmer, 195-201.
33
Kater, 6.
34
Föllmer, 203.
35
Leyser et al.
36
George M. Katona, “How Real is the German Recovery?” Foreign Affairs 13, no. 1 (1934): 33.
37
Kater, 6.
30

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atmosphere of uncertainty, many of the downtrodden were drawn to the
authoritarian protector to allay their fears and anxieties. 38
In a political victory secured on the promise of recovery, Hitler infused false
confidence to a beleaguered German populous and asserted himself as saviour of
the ‘Fatherland.’ From the ashes of acute financial crisis in 1932, Germany rose in
an unprecedented recovery. 39 A staggering rebound reduced six million
unemployed to two and a half million in less than eighteen months of Nazi
leadership. This perception was pivotal to Hitler. Lower unemployment numbers
reduced benefits paid out and, coupled by increased marginal tax rates, the fiscal
implications facilitated government access to capital including borrowing. 40 This
new debt financed industry, presented a facade of growth, and provided the optics
of stability key to a politically content population; the more prosperous the illusion,
the easier this became.
While official unemployment reflected radical declines, reality was much more
ambiguous. 41 Recategorized as ‘substitute employment,’ about a million of the
unemployed were mandated to perform ‘voluntary’ labour and received a reduced,
meagre stipend. Another 300,000 employed workers, mostly women and youth,
were discharged to ‘substitute employment’ as positions were filled by unemployed
males. 42 Receiving lowered benefits and a failure of meaningful opportunity many
young workers were worse off in 1938 than after the crash in 1929, and lived in
poverty with a stipend that failed to cover basic expenses. 43 Despite this, Hitler
presented himself as saviour to Germany, and, as such, he branded youthful
‘substitute’ workers as ‘followers’ compelled to loyalty and duty. 44 Nazi ‘Strength
through Joy’ campaigns granted mass tourism entitlements to workers aged
fourteen and up in effort to mitigate grim conditions. 45 With scarce opportunity and
a perception since childhood of the anarchy of industrial society, many young
Germans saw military service as an option that offered security and a sense of
nationalistic prestige. 46 As Hitler’s spectacular economic recovery projected such
intelligence, any inference of ineptness of policy, including aggression, was

38

Kater, 6-7.
Katona, 33; Guillebaud, 453.
40
Katona, 26-36.
41
Katona, 37-37; Guillebaud, 455.
42
Katona, 27-28.
43
Otto Nathan, “Consumption in Germany during the Period of Rearmament,” Quarterly Journal of
Economics 56, no. 3 (1942): 358; Maschmann, 27.
44
Spode Hasso, “Fordism, Mass Tourism and the Third Reich: The ‘Strength through Joy’ Seaside
Resort as an Index Fossil,” Journal of Social History 38, no. 1 (2004): 136.
45
Nathan, 358.
46
Koch, 19-20.
39

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dismissed. 47 While Nazi economics hid a shell game of lies in an exploitive system,
Hitler galvanized youth dedication to Nazi authority. 48
Just as political and economic conditions were catalysts to authoritarian control,
Nazi ideology captured the historical heartbeat of youth culture. Modernity’s myth
of liberty floundered in the reality of industrialized society as Germany’s youth was
not freed, but chained to a dehumanizing machine of capitalism. Mass ills
confounded urbanity and lent to growing anxiety. Family functioned in alignment
with the drone of society; as parents achieved, so the young followed in the same
narrow path in a patriarchal authority that commanded perpetual conformism.
Politics became bureaucratic and irrelevant and art was insipid.49 As the
Enlightenment’s secularism had widened with each generation, society reflected a
lack of religious cohesion. 50 Once a template of moral and ethical grounding, the
deeper meaning of Christianity became a rote tradition as an authoritarian and
unimaginative canon turned any natural receptiveness towards religion into the
opposite. 51 Education composed of pedantic study failed to inspire. The working
classes began a mundane factory life at fourteen while middle class youth,
oppressed by the progress of modernity’s repetition and keen to explore new ideas,
congregated in youth group movements. Romantic notions of war, led to
devastation; WWI slaughtered the once hawkish youth group members in a modern
assembly line of death. 52 Disillusionment left them ripe for the dogma of Nazi
ideologies. Idealizing a break from intergenerational conflict and modernity’s
failed democratic capitalism, Hitler, disguised in patriarchal appeal as an
“omniscient and omnipotent father,” presented a model of society in a blurred
resemblance to archaic values. 53 Here, youth culture became spiritually captive
within ‘the state,’ the measure of all things. Escaping one paradigm, the young
embraced the menacing danger of another; this one hidden under a facade of
honour, admiration, and above all the love of the ‘Fatherland.’ 54
F

By exploiting ideological and cultural discontents of a disillusioned population,
Hitler, as Führer, used his authority to control and mold the German youth in the
false promise of a ‘chosen’ race. Propaganda flooded every village and emphasized
Hitler’s speeches, the re-creation of a German empire, and special subjects
regarding ‘racial science.’ 55 Hitler reframed the cultural meaning of Volksgeist to
47

Maschmann, 59.
Hasso, 141.
49
Koch, 19-23.
50
Herbert Butterfield, “Christianity in History,” Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of
Selected Pivotal Ideas, vol. 1 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973): 407.
51
Koch, 23; Maschmann, 24.
52
Koch, 2, 24.
53
Kater, 4-10.
54
Koch, 16-23; Maschmann, 73.
55
Nathan, 381-382; Guillebaud, 452; Maschmann, 51.
48

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validate an ideology of a pure Aryan race determined by an organic or ancestral
past that was unalterable into the future. 56 By 1939, over 765,000 young people
served in leadership roles in Nazi organizations heavily concentrated in the military
and special forces. 57 Bred for service to Germany, they were instructed, drilled, and
trained with hard, tough, and swift efficiency. 58 This culture, subjugated by
convention outside of family, had mobility, protection, and arrogant empowerment
driven by a merciless ideology of the survival of the fittest. 59 Oaths of fealty to
Adolf Hitler were reciprocated in the granting of authority to the HJ, who, with
autonomy from parents and without culpability under law, possessed an
“incomparable sense of superiority over average German citizens of any age, even
when they were Nazis, and nearly absolute power over those who were not.”60
Brainwashed to think, act, and fight with self-sacrifice and absolute obedience to
Hitler until death, boys as young as their early teens were slaughtered in the last
desperate months of 1945. 61 The lessons of a demagogue in biological racism and
superiority led them to carnage. 62
182F

183F

184F

Drawing on political, economic, cultural and ideological cues, the Führer, with
absolute authority, systematically misinformed, misguided, and misused
Germany’s vulnerable youth population. Manipulating a group with a shared sense
of identity, Hitler conformed young minds to Nazi control. Utilizing advantages
including those born out of the ramifications of the aftermath of WWI, a series of
economic crises, and a government ill-equipped to face the challenges of capitalism
under duress, Hitler persuaded a democratic populous to embrace his authoritarian
regime. Once in power, the Nazis ruled over the youth population indoctrinating
various belief systems within school curriculums while mandating rigid youth
group training. Hitler capitalized on an authoritarian control over the economy
achieved by manipulation in its structuring and related propaganda. Economic
uncertainty was sustained with underemployment. This presented an appeal to join
the military as not only a viable economic security, but also, a recognizable
transition from the rigorous training that had already been imposed in the formation
of mandatory youth groups; this scheme provided a systematic conduit for many to
the path of military recruitment. With an ingrained nationalistic hierarchy that
replaced family and faith as beacons of authority, the Nazi regime provided a sense
of power to the youth population. By alluding to a centuries-old sentiment in the
connection of a shared language and culture, imposed propaganda gradually
morphed the romantic philosophy into a belief of racial superiority rooted in the
guise of science. By cultivating a sense of shared pride of heritage, Hitler drove
56

Kohn, 327.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
58
Maschmann, 26.
59
Koch, 26; Kater, 3-10.
60
Kater, 1-4.
61
Koch, 2; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
62
Kater, 2.
57

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youth loyalty and systematically indoctrinated a sense of German destiny. His
appeal was designed to alleviate a historically ambitious and accomplished
citizenry desperate for relief having been deeply injured by the shame of failure.
By controlling information and perpetuating propaganda, Hitler gained control over
a large populous to ultimately destroy tens of millions of lives. As a cautionary tale,
a reconstitution of this twentieth century debacle pivots around the misuse of
information. Contemporary instances include disinformation directed towards
latent thought control. This seemingly perennial problem of abuse of power is
juxtaposed to democracy as a genuinely informed population is the basis of a free
state. A broken information ecosystem, past or present, is a serious problem at the
base of all others.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Males Born 1900 to 1908 in War and Revolution.” Social History 31, no.
3 (2006): 337-358.
EASTON, DAVID and ROBERT D. HESS. “The Child’s Political World.” Midwest
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FÖLLMER, MORITZ. “Suicide and Crisis in Weimar Berlin.” Central European
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through Joy’ Seaside Resort as an Index Fossil.” Journal of Social History
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ROTENSTREICH, NATHAN. “Volksgeist.” Dictionary of the History of Ideas:
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