HiPo: The Langara Student Journal of History and Political Science VOL. 1, MARCH 2018 HiPo The Langara Student Journal of History and Political Science Volume 1 March 2018 EDITORS EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Marylin Jung All articles are student peer-reviewed and edited. Submissions from the editorial team have been reviewed by faculty. HiPo is published online annually with the support of the Department of History, Latin, and Political Science; the Dean and Division Chair of Social Sciences; Langara Communications & Marketing; and the Langara Print Shop. Submissions: https://langara.ca/departments/history-latinpolitical-science/HiPo Email: hipojournal@langara.ca Chris Bird Gina Kennedy Tina Macaspac Emma MacMillan Devyn Patrick Kyle Pearson FACULTY ADVISORS Niall Christie Jennifer Knapp Sean Maschmann Stephen Phillips DEPARTMENT CHAIR, History, Latin, & Political Science Paul Prosperi DEAN, SOCIAL SCIENCES Jacqueline Bradshaw DIVISION CHAIR, SOCIAL SCIENCES Laura Cullen William the Hippo appears courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 17.9.1 Cover image: Gothic Doorway, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 40.147.3 ©Langara College, 100 W. 49th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Y 2Z6 CONTENTS EDITORIALS A Letter from the Editor-in-Chief MARYLIN JUNG 1 A Letter from the Department Chair PAUL PROSPERI 1 ARTICLES The Ancient, Medieval, and Early Modern World A Fusion of Cultures and the Rise of Gynaecology in the Hellenistic World CHEYENNE JANKOLA 3 Matilda of Canossa MARYLIN JUNG 13 Gothic Architecture and Embellishment: A Luminous Shift Towards Divinity MARINA ZHEKOVA 18 How Did Sweden’s Military Evolution Under Gustavus Adolphus II Create Battlefield Success? EMERZON ZUNIGA 27 The Muslim World Abbasid Cultivation of Iranian Dissent in Khorasan BEHNAM FAYYADH 32 A Subcontinent Apart: Cross-Cultural Interactions between India and the Muslim World during the Abbasid Era ETHAN SYMONS-FERRARO 38 Peace-Building in Pakistan: Khwaja Sira Activism JOVARIA GHANI 44 Islam: Extremism and Moderation REHAN RAFIQUE 51 The American Civil War The Outbreak of the American Civil War: Political, Economic, and Moral Conflict Due to Slavery 57 JUNG JAE KIM The Change of Status of African Americans during Post-Civil War Reconstruction AMRITA JOHAL 65 The Canadian Senate Senate Reform in Canada: The Case for an Elected Senate PRABHJOT NAGRA 72 The Senate of Canada: Raisons d’Être, Issues, and Reform KAN TAT LEE 81 Electing the Senate in Canada SEAN WHITE 90 Miscellanea The Advancement of the Kwantung into Manchuria TREVOR TRAVIS 97 Where Courage is Found SUSAN HOWELL-JENSEN 103 A LETTER FROM THE EDITOR IN CHIEF Welcome to the first issue of HiPo: The Langara Student Journal of History and Political Science. My name is Marylin Jung, and I am the Editor-in-Chief of this annual academic student journal. I started this journal with the goal in mind of providing undergraduate students with the opportunity not only to publish their own work, but also to gain experience in running an academic journal as editors and peer reviewers. I am excited to share with you the amazing papers from our students on various topics. We have papers discussing serious issues such as the American Civil War, and a possible reform of the Canadian Senate; papers looking at different aspects of the ancient, medieval and early modern world as well as of the Muslim world; and fun papers such as a fictional account of the invasion of Manchuria, and a self-reflection on the history of photography. I hope you will enjoy this issue as much as I did! Last, but not least, I would not have been able to do this without the support of the History, Latin, and Political Science Department, and an amazing team. I want to thank all of them for their dedication and enthusiasm. MARYLIN JUNG Editor-in-Chief A LETTER FROM THE DEPARTMENT CHAIR It is my pleasure, on behalf of the Department of History, Latin and Political Science, to introduce this inaugural edition of the HiPo. Our department is especially pleased that this journal, designed to inspire and recognize academic activity beyond the classroom, is written and edited by students. We are confident that it will serve as an example of their dedication and commitment to the writing process, and may encourage some students towards a career in writing or academia that may otherwise have not been contemplated. To the HiPo, best wishes for a long and successful future. PAUL PROSPERI Department Chair History, Latin and Political Science HiPo Vol. 1 1 March 2018 HiPo Vol. 1 2 March 2018